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Carter won 41% of the popular vote and 49 electoral votes, while Anderson won 6.6% of the popular vote. "[90], Reagan, meanwhile, generally declined to offer new legislative proposals for his re-election campaign, instead focusing on events like the U.S.-hosted 1984 Summer Olympics and the 40th anniversary of the Normandy landings. This rating matches the approval ratings of Franklin D. Roosevelt and later Bill Clinton as the highest rating for a departing president in the modern era. [149] The Cold War tensions influenced works of popular culture such as The Day After, WarGames, and 99 Luftballons, each of which exhibited the rising public anxiety for the possibility of a nuclear war. His apparent confused and forgetful behavior was evident to his supporters; they had previously known him clever and witty. Domestically, the Reagan administration enacted a major tax cut, sought to cut non-military spending, and eliminated federal regulations. Germain Depository Institutions Act, savings and loans associations engaged in riskier activities, and the leaders of some institutions embezzled funds. [223][224] Reagan's health became a concern[to whom?] [17] Baker quickly established himself as the most powerful member of the troika and the overseer of day-to-day operations, while Meese had nominal leadership of policy development and Deaver orchestrated Reagan's public appearances. [46] Reagan's victory in the 1980 presidential campaign had united Republicans around his leadership, while conservative Democrats like Phil Gramm of Texas (who would later switch parties) were eager to back some of Reagan's conservative policies. Many in the Reagan administration, including Communications Director Pat Buchanan, were hostile to the gay community, as were many religious leaders who were important allies to the administration. Because of this policy, Reagan refused to renew the Clean Air Act during his administration. [112] First Lady Nancy Reagan made the War on Drugs her main cause as First Lady, founding the "Just Say No" drug awareness campaign. [88] High interest rates would restrict lending and investment, which would in turn lower inflation, raise unemployment and, at least in the short term, reduce economic growth. [215] However, these sanctions were seen as weak by anti-apartheid activists,[216] and as insufficient by the president's opponents in Congress, including 81 House Republicans. [100] In what became known as the Savings and loan crisis, a total of 747 financial institutions failed and needed to be rescued with $160 billion in taxpayer dollars. [164] Secretary of Defense Weinberger and Secretary of State Shultz both opposed the arrangement, so it was handled by National Security Advisor Robert McFarlane and McFarlane's successor, John Poindexter. [52] By 1983, the amount of federal tax had fallen for all or almost all American taxpayers, but most strongly affected the wealthy; the proportion of income paid in taxes by the richest one percent fell from 29.8 percent to 24.8 percent. Historians debate whom to credit, and how much. [27], Reagan made four successful appointments to the Supreme Court during his eight years in office. [122] In 1988, Reagan vetoed the Civil Rights Restoration Act, but his veto was overridden by Congress. [12] A darling of the conservative movement, Reagan faced more moderate Republicans such as George H. W. Bush, Howard Baker, and Bob Dole in the 1980 Republican presidential primaries. In the late evening of April 15, 1986, the United States launched a series of airstrikes on ground targets in Libya. Ford was Reagan's first choice for his running mate, but Reagan backed away from the idea out of the fear of a "copresidency" in which Ford would exercise an unusual degree of power. He is perhaps best remembered for his speeches at the 40th anniversary of the Normandy landings, for his impassioned speech at the Berlin Wall, his summit meetings with Mikhail Gorbachev, and riding horses with Queen Elizabeth II at Windsor Park. Under this doctrine, the Reagan administration initiated a massive buildup of the United States military; promoted new technologies such as missile defense systems; and, in 1983, undertook an invasion of Grenada, the first major overseas action by U.S. troops since the end of the Vietnam War. After the vote, Reagan announced that the strikers would be fired if they did not return to work within forty-eight hours. [197], As the controversy brewed in April 1985, Reagan issued a statement that called the Nazi soldiers buried in that cemetery as themselves "victims," a designation which ignited a stir over whether Reagan had equated the SS men to victims of the Holocaust. [45] Reagan made the passage of Kemp-Roth bill his top domestic priority upon taking office. [240] In the concurrent congressional elections, Republicans retained control of the Senate and Democrats retained control of the House. [187] They signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty), which committed both signatories to the total abolition of their respective short-range and medium-range missile stockpiles. Reagan won a record 525 electoral votes,[239] and received 59% of the popular vote to Mondale's 41%. [105] Upon signing the act at a ceremony held beside the newly refurbished Statue of Liberty, Reagan said, "The legalization provisions in this act will go far to improve the lives of a class of individuals who now must hide in the shadows, without access to many of the benefits of a free and open society. During Reagan's second term, he sought closer relations with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, and the two leaders signed a major arms control agreement known as the INF Treaty. Though the civil rights legislation of the 1960s had been a triumphal issue for liberalism and had created a new, pro-Democratic black electorate, it had also destroyed the argument that whites had to vote Democratic in order to protect segregation in the South. Democrats, who had planned to vigorously oppose Reagan's nominations to the Supreme Court, approved of the nomination of O'Connor. ", All figures, except for debt percentage, are presented in billions of dollars. Germain Depository Institutions Act deregulated savings and loan associations and allowed banks to provide adjustable-rate mortgages. Deaver was given assurances by a German head of protocol that no war criminals were buried there. [118] Despite the lack of major social policy legislation, Reagan was able to influence social policy through regulations and the appointment of conservative Supreme Court Justices. [78] Reagan's inability to implement major cuts to Social Security solidified its status as the "third rail" of U.S. politics, and future administrations would be reluctant to propose cuts to the popular program. [236], Public opinion polling consistently showed a Reagan lead in the 1984 campaign, and Mondale was unable to shake up the race. [225][dead link] However, Reagan's primary physician, Dr. John Hutton, has said that Reagan "absolutely" did not "show any signs of dementia or Alzheimer's" during his presidency. Timothy Curry and Lynn Shibut, The Cost of the Savings and Loan Crisis: Truth and Consequences FDIC, December 2000. This presidential directive broadened the power of the government's intelligence community; mandated rules for spying on United States citizens, permanent residents, and on anyone within the United States; and also directed the Attorney General and others to create further policies and procedures for what information intelligence agencies can collect, retain, and share. With the assent of Reagan's sympathetic National Labor Relations Board appointees, many companies also won wage and benefit cutbacks from unions, especially in the manufacturing sector. And anyone who says they won't is not telling the truth to the American people. [31] Scalia became a member of the Court's conservative wing. In August 1986, Congress approved the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act, which included tougher sanctions. [9] Responding to these various trends, Reagan and other conservatives successfully presented conservative ideas as an alternative to a public that had grown disillusioned with New Deal liberalism and the Democratic Party. This might seem impossible but with our highly skilled professional writers all your custom essays, book reviews, research papers and other custom tasks you order with us will be of high quality. [107][108] He promised a "planned, concerted campaign" against all drugs,[109] in hopes of decreasing drug use, particularly among adolescents. [230] The leading candidates in the 1984 Democratic presidential primaries were former Vice President Walter Mondale, Senator Gary Hart of Colorado, and African-American civil rights activist Jesse Jackson. [43] Supply-side advocates also asserted that cutting taxes would ultimately lead to higher government revenue due to economic growth, a proposition that was challenged by many economists. Brownlee, W. Elliot and Hugh Davis Graham, eds. In reaction to the role Israel and the United States played in the Lebanese Civil War, a Shia militant group known as Hezbollah began to take American hostages, holding eight Americans by the middle of 1985. To counter the influence of Cuba and the Soviet Union, Reagan launched the Caribbean Basin Initiative, an economic program designed to aid countries opposed to Communism. [261] Another NSC member, Colin Powell, criticized Reagan's "passive management style [that] placed a tremendous burden on us.”[262], Despite the continuing debate surrounding his legacy, many conservative and liberal scholars agree that Reagan has been one of the most influential presidents since Franklin Roosevelt, leaving his imprint on American politics, diplomacy, culture, and economics through his effective communication, dedicated patriotism and pragmatic compromising. [246] In the concurrent congressional elections, Democrats retained control of the House and the Senate. This trade pact would serve as the foundation for the North American Free Trade Agreement among the United States, Canada, and Mexico. "[213], During Ronald Reagan's presidency South Africa continued to use a non-democratic system of government based on racial discrimination, known as apartheid, in which the minority of white South Africans exerted nearly complete legal control over the lives of the non-white majority of the citizens. Reagan downgraded the importance of the national security advisor, and six different individuals held that position during Reagan's presidency. Kengor, Paul. "[142] Despite this heavy rhetoric,[143] the Reagan administration continued arms control talks with the Soviet Union in the form of "START." [185] Gorbachev and Reagan broke the impasse by agreeing to negotiate separate treaties on intermediate nuclear forces (such as intermediate-range ballistic missiles) and strategic arms (such as intercontinental ballistic missiles). The number of federal civilian employees rose during Reagan's tenure, from 2.9 million to 3.1 million. [257] Some critics assert that the Iran–Contra affair lowered American credibility. Get the latest coverage and analysis on everything from the Trump presidency, Senate, House and Supreme Court. But Reagan himself never criticized Volcker. [1] Historians and political scientists generally rank Reagan as an above-average president. [44], Republican Congressman Jack Kemp and Republican Senator William Roth had nearly won passage of a major tax cut during Carter's presidency, but Carter had prevented passage of the bill due to concerns about the deficit. "[182], Various issues, including intelligence operations performed by both countries and tensions in Germany and Afghanistan, threatened to forestall the possibility of an agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union. Colleton County, South Carolina (voted against Reagan in 1980) 3. After Bush won the Iowa caucuses, he became Reagan's primary challenger, but Reagan won the New Hampshire primary and most of the following primaries, gaining an insurmountable delegate lead by the end of March 1980. [47] Throughout 1981, Reagan frequently met with members of Congress, focusing especially on winning support from conservative Southern Democrats. [20] CIA director William J. Casey emerged as an important figure in the administration, as the CIA would figure prominently into Reagan's Cold War initiatives. Germain Depository Institutions Act, Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration, a bomb exploded in a West Berlin discothèque, Israel–United States Free Trade Agreement, Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement, List of international presidential trips made by Ronald Reagan, 1984 Republican Party presidential primaries, "Rehnquist left Supreme Court with conservative legacy", "U.S. Senate: Supreme Court Nominations: 1789-Present", "With Kennedy's Retirement, the Supreme Court Loses Its Center", "Remembering the Assassination Attempt on Ronald Reagan", "Reagan's Ratings: 'Great Communicator's' Appeal Is Greater in Retrospect", "Presidential Politics And Deficit Reduction: The Landscape Of Tax Policy In The 1980S And 1990S", "U.S. to Reconsider Denial of Benefits to Many Disabled", "What Happened Last Time We Had a Budget Sequester? The administration's credibility was also badly damaged on the international stage, as it had violated its own arms embargo on Iran. [42] Reagan relied on Laffer and other economists to argue that tax cuts would reduce inflation, which went against the prevailing Keynesian view. [184] Reagan attacked Gorbachev in a 1987 speech delivered in West Berlin, but negotiations continued. [5][6], Other factors in the rise of the conservative movement were the emergence of a "culture war" as a triangular battle among conservatives, traditional liberals, and the New Left, involving such issues as individual freedom, divorce, sexual freedom, abortion, and homosexuality. [217] By 1990, under Reagan's successor George H. W. Bush, the new South African government of F. W. de Klerk was introducing widespread reforms, though the Bush administration argued that this was not a result of the tougher sanctions. [10] Reagan's charisma and speaking skills helped him frame conservatism as an optimistic, forward-looking vision for the country. Though he continued to champion a major tax cut, Reagan backed off of his support for free trade and the privatization of Social Security, and promised to consider arms control treaties with the Soviet Union. ", "Reagan's Twilight – A special report; A President Fades into a World Apart", "The Doctors World; A Recollection of Early Questions About Reagan's Health", "Reagan Aides Once Raised the Possibility of Invoking the 25th Amendment", "Reaction to first Mondale/Reagan debate", "ELECTIONS; DEMOCRATS GAIN CONTROL OF SENATE, DRAWING VOTES OF REAGAN'S BACKERS; CUOMO AND D'AMATO ARE EASY VICTORS; WHAT AWAITS CONGRESS; BROAD G.O.P. [22] By 1982, National Security Advisor William P. Clark Jr., Ambassador to the United Nations Jeane Kirkpatrick, and CIA Director Casey had established themselves as the major figures in the formulation of the administration's foreign policy. [146] Ultimately, the SDI would be canceled in 1993 due to concerns about its cost and effectiveness as well as a changing international situation. With Solution Essays, you can get high-quality essays at a lower price. [152], The Reagan administration placed a high priority on the Central America and the Caribbean Sea, which it saw as a key front in the Cold War. Paul Boyer, "The Evangelical Resurgence in 1970s American Protestantism" in Schulman and Zelizer, eds. [153][154] By 1987, the United States was sending over $600 million a year, as well as weapons, intelligence, and combat expertise to Afghanistan. [19], Reagan chose Alexander Haig, a former general who had served as chief of staff to Richard Nixon, as his first secretary of state. Republican losses in the Senate were concentrated in the South and in the farm states. Reagan sympathized with Israeli's desire to defeat PLO forces that had struck Israel from Lebanon, but he pressured Israel to end its invasion as casualties mounted and Israeli forces approached the Lebanese capital of Beirut. [212] The attack was designed to halt Gaddafi's "ability to export terrorism," offering him "incentives and reasons to alter his criminal behavior. [172] Investigators did not find conclusive proof that Reagan had known about the aid provided to the Contras, but Walsh's report noted that Reagan had "created the conditions which made possible the crimes committed by others" and had "knowingly participated or acquiesced in covering up the scandal.

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